CYPRUS’ HISTORY FROM 1960 TO 2008 (4)
In the outcome of violent terrorism by EOKA and determined Turkish Cypriot resistance to Enosis, a Turco-Greek war was seemed inevitable. British government, realizing the affliction, declared their support to any agreement to be reached by the Turkish and the Greek communities and their respective motherlands.
Greece keeping in mind a unilateral self-determination resolution –Enosis– may not be obtained from the United Nations and the Turkey the partition –Taksim–, the climate turned out to be propitious for international talks.
Then as expected came the last resort to United Nations in September 1958. The United Nations resolution was:
“To invite the three interested States and the Representatives of the communities of Cyprus to cooperate for the purpose of finding a solution which would lead to self-government and provide institutions safeguarding the rights of the communities, in conformity with the U.N. Charter“.
It is upon this that Turkey and Greece put their heads together, with the support of the British Government, in order to find a solution acceptable to all concerned.
The realities of Cyprus, two distinct communities, ENOSIS and TAKSIM ideals, the national aspirations and feelings of the two communities, communal different flags and holidays, two different languages and religion had to be faced and tackled in order to imply peace on the island.
Actually these were not something new but what the Cypriot Turks and Greeks had been doing ever since the British occupation. Even under the strict Colonial laws which banned the use of national flags or the mention of the word “Turkish” or “Greek” in the legislation dealing with education, the Turks and Greeks of Cyprus secretly defied these prohibitions and went their own way.
At this stage the British became much eager to relinquish sovereignty over the island.
Under these circumstances, the Turkish and Greek Foreign Ministers met in Zurich and with the assistance of the leadership of the two communities decided that neither unilateral nor double Enosis would be acceptable.
Finally a compromise solution was reached and with the Zurich agreement concluded on 11 February 1959 and in the London Agreement that followed it was agreed that there would be bi-national independence, based on the political equality and administrative partnership of the two communities, who would have full autonomy in their strictly communal affairs and that the settlement thus established would be guaranteed by Turkey, Greece and Britain ensuring the permanence of this functional federative system in the Cyprus Republic, eliminating discrimination and, thus, removing all causes of inter-communal friction.
During the transitional period –19th February 1959 to 16th August 1960– while the British were still in charge of the administration, the community leaders Archbishop Makarios and Dr. Küçük met under the chairmanship of the Governor playing the role of the arbiter and took such measures as were necessary for the implementation of the Agreements and the set up of the Government envisaged by the Constitution.
The two communities from then on worked together as equal partners and prepared the Constitution of the bi-communal Republic of Cyprus.
British bearing in mind that their interests on the island –especially the charter of the British Sovereign Bases– were mainly relied on Makarios, they decided not to antagonize him. Duly, a great number of thorny problems were either completely shelved or not taken up at all. The Turkish Cypriot side pointed out repeatedly both to the Archbishop and the Governor that if these problems were not tackled with determination, they would turn out to be a headache in the future. In a very short time, this calculation of Turkish Cypriots became true.
Under the chairmanship of the Governor the President elect and the Vice-President elect agreed on a number of major points such as;
(i) the apportionment of the Ministries between the two communities;
(ii) No of Greek and Turkish contingents;
(iii) the appointment of the commanders and Deputy Commanders of the Police and the Gendarmerie;
(iv) the appointment of Under-Secretaries, Directors-General and certain other officers in key positions;
And they finally agreed, by a written agreement, as to the mode of the filling of the vacancies in the public service so as to bring the ratio up to 7:3 as provided by the Constitution.
The Greek and Turkish Civil Servants Association endorsed this agreement.
All this was agreed to by Archbishop Makarios, the “sole representative of the Greek Community”, and accepted by the Greek and Turkish peoples when they endorsed the Constitution and the Agreements which gave birth to them.

